SCIENCE CLASS IX NCERT

 

Class 9 Science – Chapter 2 Summary Poster

Core Concepts

• Matter exists as elements, compounds, and mixtures.

• Pure substances have fixed composition; mixtures vary.

• Physical changes don’t form new substances; chemical changes do.

Types of Mixtures

Type	Example	Separation Method
Homogeneous	Salt solution	Evaporation
Heterogeneous	Sand + water	Filtration / Decantation

Separation Techniques

• Filtration – separates insoluble solids.

• Evaporation – removes solvent.

• Distillation – separates liquids by boiling point.

• Chromatography – separates colors/pigments.

• Centrifugation – separates based on density.

Formula Box

$$\text{Concentration}=\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}}\times 100$$

Exam Tips

• Revise definitions and examples of mixtures & compounds.

• Practice diagrams of separation methods.

• Focus on differences between physical and chemical changes.

LIBRARY -TOTAL READING RESOURCES ISSUED AS ON 31 JULY 2026

 

SECONDARY SECTION READERSHIP DATA 25-07-2026

• BOOKS-2442
• 
  
• MAGAZINES-1862
• 
  
• FLASH CARDS-177
• 
  
• TOTAL=4481
• 
  
• STUDENTS=847

AVERAGE READING PER STUDENT = 5.29

GROSS TOTAL=4481+3582=8063

GROSS READERS=50+847+605=1502

AVARAGE=5.3 BOOKS / READER

Nationalism in India- CLASS X SOCIAL SC.

 

• Colonial Context

  • Oppression, racial discrimination, and economic exploitation united diverse communities.

  • Nationalism grew as a response to colonial rule, with Congress channeling grievances into mass movements.

• Role of Gandhi

  • Returned in 1915, introduced satyagraha (truth-force, non-violence).

  • Early successes: Champaran (1917), Kheda (1917), Ahmedabad (1918).

  • Advocated Hindu-Muslim unity and mass participation.

• Mass Movements

  • Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) against unjust detention laws.

  • Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) combining Khilafat and Congress demands.

  • Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) sparked by Salt March.

  • Quit India Movement (1942) demanding immediate British withdrawal.

• Diverse Participation

  • Peasants, tribals, plantation workers, industrialists, and women joined with different visions of swaraj.

  • Leaders like Nehru, Patel, Subhas Bose, and Ali brothers contributed.

• Cultural Nationalism

• Symbols like Bharat Mata, patriotic songs, folklore, and festivals fostered collective belonging.

• Key Points

  • Nationalism in India was multi-layered, involving peasants, workers, tribals, and elites.

  • Gandhi’s non-violent satyagraha transformed local struggles into mass movements.

  • The timeline shows a progression from reformist satyagrahas to radical demands for complete independence.

  Year	Event	Significance
  1915	Gandhi returns from South Africa	Introduces satyagraha in India.
  1917	Champaran Satyagraha	Peasants protest against indigo planters.
  1917–18	Kheda & Ahmedabad Satyagrahas	Revenue relief and workers’ rights.
  1919	Rowlatt Act & Jallianwala Bagh	Nationwide outrage; massacre intensified nationalism.
  1919	Khilafat Committee	Muslim leaders join Gandhi for united struggle.
  1920–22	Non-Cooperation Movement	Boycott of British goods, schools, courts; withdrawn after Chauri Chaura.
  1928	Simon Commission protests	“Go Back Simon” slogan; Bardoli Satyagraha by Patel.
  1929	Lahore Congress	Demand for Purna Swaraj; 26 Jan 1930 declared Independence Day.
  1930	Salt March	Gandhi’s 240-mile march; Civil Disobedience begins.
  1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact	Gandhi attends Second Round Table Conference.
  1932	Poona Pact	Agreement on separate electorates for Dalits.
  1942	Quit India Movement	“Do or Die” call; mass arrests; decisive push for independence.

  

  
  

“Rise of Nationalism in Europe” (Class X NCERT)

 

 Chapter Summary

• French Revolution 1789

  • Sovereignty shifted from monarchy to citizens.

  • Introduced concepts of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen).

  • National symbols: tricolour flag, national assembly, uniform laws, French language.

• Napoleon & Civil Code 1804

  • Abolished feudal privileges, equality before law, right to property.

  • Spread reforms across Europe but restricted political freedoms.

• Congress of Vienna 1815

  • Restored conservative monarchies.

  • Suppressed revolutionary changes, but liberal-nationalist ideas persisted.

• Liberalism & Nationalism

  • Liberalism emphasized individual freedom, constitutional government, equality before law.

  • Nationalism promoted unity based on shared identity, culture, and history.

• Age of Revolutions 1830–1848

  • 1830: Revolts in France, Belgium, Poland, Italy.

  • 1848: Revolution of liberals demanding constitutions, rights, and national unification.

• Unification of Italy

  • Leaders: Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Italy), Count Cavour (diplomacy), Giuseppe Garibaldi (Red Shirts).

  • Unified under King Victor Emmanuel II by 1870.

• Unification of Germany

  • Otto von Bismarck used Realpolitik and wars (Austro-Prussian 1866, Franco-Prussian 1870–71).

  • German Empire proclaimed in 1871 under Prussian leadership.

• Britain’s Nation-State Formation

  • Gradual process through Acts of Union (England, Scotland, Ireland).

  • Forged identity through institutions and symbols.

• Symbols of Nationalism

  • Allegories like Marianne (France) and Germania (Germany).

  • Flags, hymns, and personifications visualized unity.

• Nationalism & Imperialism

  • By late 19th century, nationalism became aggressive.

  • Balkan tensions and imperial rivalries set stage for World War I.

    Key Points

  • Nationalism in Europe was both liberating and divisive — it unified nations but also fueled imperial rivalries.

  • Symbols and culture (art, literature, folklore) played a crucial role in shaping national identity.

  • The chapter links political revolutions, wars, and diplomacy to the creation of modern nation-states.

  • A tabular timeline (1789–1914) for quick reference

Year	Event	Impact on Nationalism
1789	French Revolution	Introduced sovereignty of citizens, equality, and national symbols (la patrie, tricolour flag).
1804	Napoleon’s Civil Code	Spread reforms (equality before law, property rights) but restricted political freedoms.
1815	Congress of Vienna	Restored monarchies, suppressed liberal-nationalist movements.
1830	Revolutions of 1830	France, Belgium, Poland, Italy saw uprisings for constitutional rights and independence.
1848	Revolution of 1848	Liberals demanded constitutions, suffrage, and national unification.
1859–1870	Unification of Italy	Led by Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour; Italy unified under Victor Emmanuel II.
1866–1871	Unification of Germany	Bismarck’s wars (Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian) led to German Empire under Prussia.
1707–1801	Formation of Britain	Acts of Union forged a single nation-state identity through institutions and symbols.
1871 onwards	Nationalism & Imperialism	Nationalism became aggressive, fueling imperial rivalries.
1914	Balkan Crisis	Ethnic tensions and nationalist conflicts triggered World War I.

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Implementation plan is designed for Grade 6 to Grade 8 students in the KVS Region

 

This Implementation plan is designed for Grade 6 to Grade 8 students in the KVS Region, with 35-minute weekly ICT lab periods. • Week 1 covers Module 1.1: What is Creativity? - Creativity and Its Importance. • Week 3 covers Module 1.2: Fostering Creativity in the Classroom - through a blended-learning, activity-based approach. • Week 4 covers Module 1.3: AI + Digital Creativity - focuses on strengthening Generative AI, creativity, communication, and digital expression through a simple hands-on Adobe Express activity.
Month and week	July - Week 1	July - Week 3	July- Week 4
Module Name (Guidebook)	Module 1: Creativity for All	Module 1: Creativity for All	Module 1: Creativity for All
	1.1 What is Creativity?	1.2 Fostering Creativity in the Classroom	1.3 Digital Creativity and Creative Tools
Activity Name	Creative on Recycling	Yoga or Culural Club Poster	Imaginary Storybook Cover
Learning Outcomes	• Understand the de nition of creativity. • Learn why creativity is important. • Explore examples of creative geniuses who have changed the shape of the world. • Recognize creativity skills as a crucial aspect of the future of work and life.	• Get introduced to the 4 Cs: Creativity, Critical inking, Communication, and Collaboration. • Understand the interconnections between the 4 Cs. • Learn how to integrate the 4 Cs into daily life.	• Get introduced to Technology and Digital Creativity skills. • Learn about Adobe Express and its basic functions. • Explore how Adobe Express can be used to enhance your own creative projects.
Instructions	The teacher explains how posters and quotes can raise awareness and communicate ideas creatively. Teacher demonstrates: • Opening template • Editing quote • Changing colors/fonts • Saving project For E-Module activity: Teacher to guide students to log in to Adobe Express school Account; guide them towards Module 1 (Section 1.1) of the online course on ‘Digital Creativity and AI Skills (Level-1).’	The teacher explains how colors, text, and images help communicate messages effectively. Teacher demonstrates: • Opening template • writing or adding new text • Changing font/colors • Adding one icon/image • Saving project For E-Module activity: Teacher to guide students to log in to Adobe Express school Account; guide them towards Module 1 (Section 1.2) of the online course on ‘Digital Creativity and AI Skills (Level-1).’	The teacher explains how to generate a book cover image or background and edit a Storybook cover template. Teacher demonstrates: • Using Generative AI • Adding title • Adding subtitle/tagline • Adding/editing image/background • Customizing fonts/colors • Saving project For E-Module activity: Teacher to guide students to log in to Adobe Express school Account; guide them towards Module 1 (Section 1.3) of the online course on ‘Digital Creativity and AI Skills (Level-1).’
Skills in Focus	Creative Exploration & Digital Literacy	Visual Communication & Design Skills	Creative Self-Expression & AI Creative Skills
Book Screenshot	M1, Page-27,28	M1,Page 34.35,36	M1,Page 41-42.pdf
Activity Link (Classroom)	Swachhata drive at school- https://adobe.ly/3PCLotc	Yoga Club : https://adobe.ly/3R0K18c	Create a book Cover - https://adobe.ly/42ulMBQ
Activity Link (Homework)	School Clean up drive - https://adobe.ly/3PCLotc	Cultural Club : https://adobe.ly/4u1xcJj
Activity Link (Homework)		Create a Movie Poster : https://adobe.ly/4wqooyg
Status (To be updated by Teacher)

Education Concession for Indian Army Personnel & Their Families

The Indian Army has signed a MoU with Chandigarh Vidya Jyoti Eduversity to enhance higher education opportunities for Serving Personnel, Veterans, Veer Naris and their wards.

Key Benefits:

✅ 60% Tuition Fee Concession (up to 50 seats) for:

* Wards of Veer Naris

* Wards of personnel who died in harness

* Wards of personnel with disability of 20% or above

✅ 30% Tuition Fee Concession (up to 150 seats) for wards of Serving personnel

✅ 30% Tuition Fee Concession (up to 100 seats) for wards of Retired personnel

✅ 20% of seats reserved for wards of Indian Army personnel across all academic programmes offered by Chandigarh Vidya Jyoti Eduversity.

📌 For details, visit: www.vjes.org

CAUTION: ITS A PRIVATE INSTITUTION . USE YOUR DISCREATION BEFORE MAKING ANY PAYMENTS. BLOG IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INSTITUTION IN ANY WAY.

WONDER KIDS - INSPIRE- STUDENTS -WATCH THESE IF YOU THINK YOU CAN NOT DO IT .

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5 YEAR THINKS IN NUMBERS 

MUSIC IN 3 MONTHS 

6 YRS KID-HE KNOWS IT ALL 

4 YEARS - BONE EXPERT 

LITTLE BASKETBALL PLAYER

HE KNOWS IT ALL 

ANIMALS FALL SPLEEP

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JO JO JO 

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KVS Weekly Library Design Structure (Academic Year 2026‑27)- ALAP

 

Key NEP 2020 Anchors in Your ALAP

• Foundational Literacy & Numeracy → Weekly reading challenges, review contests.

• Multilingualism → Hindi Pakhwada, bilingual book fairs.

• Holistic Development → Yoga, wellness, environmental awareness.

• Experiential Learning → Eco projects, science week experiments.

• Values & Ethics → Gandhi Jayanti, Constitution Day.

• Gender Equity → Women’s Day biographies, inclusive displays.

Week	Theme / Focus	Important Day(s)	Library Activity	NEP 2020 / NCF 2023 Alignment
1 (Apr 1–7)	Orientation & Reading Habits	New Session Start	Library tour, reading pledge	Foundational Literacy
2 (Apr 8–14)	Constitution Awareness	Apr 14 – Ambedkar Jayanti	Display books on Constitution	Civic Literacy
3 (Apr 15–21)	Earth Week	Apr 22 – Earth Day	Eco‑literature corner	Environmental Awareness
4 (Apr 22–28)	World Book Day	Apr 23 – World Book & Copyright Day	Book review contest	Multilingualism
5 (Apr 29–May 5)	Labour & Equality	May 1 – Labour Day	Poster on workers’ rights	Values & Ethics
6 (May 6–12)	Peace Literature	Buddha Purnima	Display on peace texts	Holistic Development
7 (May 13–19)	Summer Reading Challenge	—	Reading log competition	Joyful Learning
8 (May 20–26)	Digital Literacy	—	E‑magazine orientation	Digital Literacy
9 (May 27–Jun 2)	Eid Celebration	Id‑ul‑Zuha	Cultural book display	Cultural Literacy
10 (Jun 3–9)	Environment Week	Jun 5 – World Environment Day	Green book corner	Experiential Learning
11 (Jun 10–16)	Yoga & Wellness	Jun 21 – International Yoga Day	Health literature display	Holistic Development
12 (Jun 17–23)	Reading for Joy	—	Story circle sessions	Foundational Literacy
13 (Jun 24–30)	Peace Reflection	Muharram	Peace readings	Values & Ethics
14 (Jul 1–7)	Guru Pournima	Guru Pournima	Tribute to teachers	Teacher Respect
15 (Jul 8–14)	Literacy Drive	—	Book donation camp	Community Engagement
16 (Jul 15–21)	Independence Prep	Aug 15 – Independence Day	Freedom literature display	Civic Literacy
17 (Jul 22–28)	Monsoon Reading	—	Poetry on rain	Creative Expression
18 (Jul 29–Aug 4)	Friendship & Peace	Aug 6 – Hiroshima Day	Peace pledge wall	Global Citizenship
19 (Aug 5–11)	Patriotism Week	Aug 15 – Independence Day	Quiz on freedom fighters	Civic Literacy
20 (Aug 12–18)	Youth Empowerment	Aug 12 – Youth Day	Debate on leadership	Leadership Skills
21 (Aug 19–25)	Raksha Bandhan	Raksha Bandhan	Cultural story display	Cultural Literacy
22 (Aug 26–Sep 1)	Janmashtami	Janmashtami	Mythology reading	Values & Ethics
23 (Sep 2–8)	Literacy Week	Sep 8 – International Literacy Day	Reading marathon	Foundational Literacy
24 (Sep 9–15)	Hindi Pakhwada	Sep 14 – Hindi Diwas	Hindi book fair	Mother Tongue Promotion
25 (Sep 16–22)	Peace & UN Focus	Sep 21 – UN Peace Day	Global citizenship display	Global Citizenship
26 (Sep 23–29)	Gandhi Week	Oct 2 – Gandhi Jayanti	Biography reading	Values & Ethics
27 (Sep 30–Oct 6)	Dussehra Values	Dussehra	Moral story session	Ethical Literacy
28 (Oct 7–13)	Library Skills Workshop	—	Cataloguing activity	Library Skills
29 (Oct 14–20)	Diwali Prep	Diwali	Festival book display	Cultural Literacy
30 (Oct 21–27)	Karwa Chouth	Karwa Chouth	Cultural literature	Values & Ethics
31 (Oct 28–Nov 3)	Children’s Week	Nov 14 – Children’s Day	Storytelling festival	Joyful Learning
32 (Nov 4–10)	Guru Nanak Jayanti	Guru Nanak Jayanti	Sikh literature corner	Cultural Literacy
33 (Nov 11–17)	Constitution Awareness	Nov 26 – Constitution Day	Quiz on rights & duties	Civic Literacy
34 (Nov 18–24)	Winter Reading	—	Book review exchange	Foundational Literacy
35 (Nov 25–Dec 1)	Health Awareness	Dec 1 – AIDS Day	Health education display	Holistic Development
36 (Dec 2–8)	Human Rights Week	Dec 10 – Human Rights Day	Poster competition	Values & Ethics
37 (Dec 9–15)	Christmas Celebration	Dec 25 – Christmas	Story of giving	Values & Ethics
38 (Dec 16–22)	Year‑End Reflection	—	Library feedback survey	Critical Thinking
39 (Dec 23–29)	New Year Prep	Jan 1 – New Year’s Day	Resolution wall	Personal Growth
40 (Jan 2–8)	Lohri & Makar Sankranti	Jan 13–14	Folk literature display	Cultural Literacy
41 (Jan 9–15)	Republic Week	Jan 26 – Republic Day	Constitution